㰀栀攀愀搀㸀ഀഀ
LATN 131: pronouncing Latin
㰀⼀琀椀琀氀攀㸀ഀഀ
</head>
ഀഀ
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#070888" vlink="#A70F18">
㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀吀椀洀攀猀㸀ഀഀ
㰀愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀㸀㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⼀∀㸀㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀椀洀愀最攀猀⼀氀漀礀漀氀愀⸀最椀昀∀ ഀഀ
alt="[Loyola University Chicago]" border=0 align=right></a>
ഀഀ
<center>
㰀栀㈀㸀倀爀漀渀漀甀渀挀椀渀最 䰀愀琀椀渀㰀⼀栀㈀㸀ഀഀ
<h3>(Restored Classical Pronunciation, In a Nutshell)</h3>
㰀⼀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀ഀഀ
<br clear=all>
ഀഀ
<hr noshade>
㰀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀㰀椀㸀䤀琀✀猀 愀 氀漀琀 氀椀欀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀Ⰰ 漀渀氀礀 洀甀挀栀 洀漀爀攀 ഀഀ
consistent.</i></center>
㰀栀爀㸀ഀഀ
㰀戀㸀吀爀礀㨀㰀⼀戀㸀 ⠀昀爀漀洀 瀀爀漀渀甀渀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀 搀爀椀氀氀猀 椀渀 䄀渀搀爀攀眀 䬀攀氀氀攀爀 愀渀搀 匀琀攀瀀栀愀渀椀攀 刀甀猀猀攀氀氀Ⰰഀഀ
<i>Learn to Read Latin</i> Workbook [Yale University Press 2004])
㰀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<table border=1>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88><b>lingua</b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀攀戀㠀昀昀㸀䰀䤀一ⴀ最眀愀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀㰀戀㸀猀攀爀瘀椀琀欀猁㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#ceb8ff>SER-wi-toohss</td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88><b>senātūs</b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀攀戀㠀昀昀㸀猀攀ⴀ一䄀䠀ⴀ琀漀漀栀猀猀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀㰀戀㸀愀甀爀ጀ猁㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#ceb8ff>OW-rehss</td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88><b>Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs.</b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀攀戀㠀昀昀㸀䜀䄀䰀ⴀ氀椀ⴀ愀 䔀匀吀 伀䴀ⴀ渀椀猀猀 搀攀攀ⴀ圀䔀䔀ⴀ猀愀 椀渀 倀䄀刀ⴀ琀攀栀猀猀 吀刀䔀䠀匀匀⸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
</table>
㰀瀀㸀㰀栀爀㸀ഀഀ
<b>Consonants:</b>
樀甀猀琀 氀椀欀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 瘀攀爀礀 昀攀眀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀猀㨀ഀഀ
<p>
㰀琀愀戀氀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀挀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>always hard, like <b><font color=red>k</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀挀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀挀栀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>hard <b><font color=red>k</font></b> sound plus an
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀ⴀ氀椀欀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 瀀甀昀昀 漀昀 愀椀爀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>ba<font color=red>ck-h</font>oe</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>g</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀愀氀眀愀礀猀 栀愀爀搀 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀最㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i><font color=red>g</font>et</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>"semivocalic" i</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀戀攀昀漀爀攀 愀⠀渀漀琀栀攀爀⤀ 瘀漀眀攀氀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀氀礀 漀渀氀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀愀爀琀 漀昀ഀഀ
a word, <b><font color=red>y</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀礀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀漀甀渀最㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀瀀栀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>regular <b><font color=red>p</font></b> sound plus an
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀ⴀ氀椀欀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 瀀甀昀昀 漀昀 愀椀爀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>ta<font color=red>p-h</font>ammer</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>q</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀愀氀眀愀礀猀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 ∀猀攀洀椀瘀漀挀愀氀椀挀∀ 甀 ⠀猀攀攀 戀攀氀漀眀⤀㬀ഀഀ
together, they sound like <b><font color=red>kw</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀焀甀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀攀攀渀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀猀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>always unvoiced <b><font color=red>s</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀栀椀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀猀猀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀琀栀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>regular <b><font color=red>t</font></b> sound plus an
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀ⴀ氀椀欀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 瀀甀昀昀 漀昀 愀椀爀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>ho<font color=red>t-h</font>ead</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>"semivocalic" u</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀戀攀昀漀爀攀 愀⠀渀漀琀栀攀爀⤀ 瘀漀眀攀氀Ⰰ 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀 椀渀ഀഀ
a word, <b><font color=red>w</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀眀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀椀渀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
</table>
ഀഀ
<p>
㰀戀㸀嘀漀眀攀氀猀㨀㰀⼀戀㸀 挀漀洀攀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀猀栀漀爀琀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 ഀഀ
<i><font color=magenta>long</font></i> (printed texts, when they mark
氀漀渀最 瘀漀眀攀氀猀Ⰰ 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀氀礀 甀猀攀 愀 猀琀爀愀椀最栀琀 氀椀渀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瘀漀眀攀氀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀 ഀഀ
"macron" -Greek for "long", since ancient Romans modeled their
最爀愀洀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 愀昀琀攀爀 椀搀攀愀猀 䜀爀攀攀欀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀 栀愀搀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 漀甀琀⤀ഀഀ
<table border=1>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td><i>short</i></td>
㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀㸀琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀挀 猀漀甀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀漀眀攀氀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td><i>as in</i></td>
㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀㸀氀漀渀最㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td><i>the same vowel-sound, for twice the time</i></td>
㰀琀搀㸀㰀椀㸀愀猀 椀渀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀愀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>between English hard short
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀愀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀 愀渀搀 洀漀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀ഀഀ
<b><font color=red>uh</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀愀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀氀椀欀攀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>ā</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀琀栀漀甀最栀琀昀甀氀 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀愀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>f<font color=red>a</font>ther</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>e</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 栀愀爀搀 猀栀漀爀琀 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀攀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>g<font color=red>e</font>t</i></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀ጀ㰁⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>long interrogative <b><font color=red>eh</font></b>, close to
䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 氀漀渀最 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀愀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>th<font color=red>e</font>y</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>i</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 栀愀爀搀 猀栀漀爀琀 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀椀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>s<font color=red>i</font>t</i></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀⬀㰁⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>close to English long <b><font color=red>e</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀洀愀挀栀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀椀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀渀攀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀漀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>English short <b><font color=red>o</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀栀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀漀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀琀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>ō</b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀漀渀最 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀漀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>h<font color=red>o</font>me</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>u</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 猀栀漀爀琀 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀漀漀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>p<font color=red>u</font>t</i></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀欀㰁⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff>English long <b><font color=red>oo</font></b>;
渀攀瘀攀爀 愀渀礀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 礀ⴀ猀漀甀渀搀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>s<font color=red>u</font>per</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>y</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀愀 爀愀爀攀 瘀漀眀攀氀 椀渀 䰀愀琀椀渀㬀 ഀഀ
combines English long <b><font color=red>oo</font></b> and
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀椀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀渀 䘀爀攀渀挀栀 ഀഀ
<b><font color=red>u</font></b> or German
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀ﰀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>t<font color=red>u</font></i></b>
⠀䘀爀⸀⤀㬀 㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀ﰀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀戀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀 ⠀䜀攀爀⸀⤀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>ŷ</b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀氀椀欀攀眀椀猀攀 爀愀爀攀㬀 猀琀椀氀氀ഀഀ
combining English long <b><font color=red>oo</font></b> and
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀椀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 愀 氀漀渀最攀爀 琀椀洀攀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>t<font color=red>u</font></i></b>
⠀䘀爀⸀⤀㬀 㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀ﰀ㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀戀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀 ⠀䜀攀爀⸀⤀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 ഀഀ
emphasis</td>
㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀ഀഀ
㰀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<b>Diphthongs:</b> two vowels sounded together; Latin uses fewer than
䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ഀഀ
<table border=1>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>ae</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀愀栀ⴀ攀栀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀Ⰰഀഀ
yields the sound of English long <b><font color=red>i</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀愀椀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀猀氀攀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀愀甀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff><b><font color=red>ah-oo</font></b>, compressed,
椀猀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀渀搀猀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 洀愀欀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀漀甀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഀ
or <b><font color=red>ow</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀漀甀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀琀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀攀椀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff><b><font color=red>eh-ih</font></b>, compressed,
礀椀攀氀搀猀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀渀搀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 氀漀渀最 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀愀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>r<font color=red>ei</font>gn</i></b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88>eu</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀㠀攀昀昀昀昀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀攀栀ⴀ漀漀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀Ⰰഀഀ
yields the sound made in some parts of Canada for
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀漀甀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㬀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 搀漀攀猀渀✀琀 甀猀攀 琀栀椀猀 猀漀甀渀搀 洀甀挀栀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#aaff6d><b><i>h<font color=red>ou</font>se</i></b>
⠀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀栀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀攀眀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀猀攀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀⤀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀漀攀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#8effff><b><font color=red>oh-ih</font></b>, compressed,
礀椀攀氀搀猀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀渀搀 漀昀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 漀爀 夀椀搀搀椀猀栀 ഀഀ
<b><font color=red>oy</font></b></td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀愀愀昀昀㘀搀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀戀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀爀攀搀㸀漀椀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀氀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
</table>
㰀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<hr>
㰀戀㸀圀漀爀搀ⴀ愀挀挀攀渀琀㨀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀刀甀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀攀渀甀氀琀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഀ
<table>
㰀琀爀㸀㰀琀搀㸀㰀䤀䴀䜀 匀刀䌀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀洀愀琀栀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀最椀昀猀⼀戀愀氀氀⸀瀀甀爀瀀氀攀⸀最椀昀∀㸀ഀഀ
"penult" means the second-to-last syllable of a word (because it
椀猀 ∀愀氀洀漀猀琀ⴀ琀栀攀ⴀ甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀∀ 猀礀氀氀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 䰀愀琀椀渀 㰀椀㸀瀀愀攀渀攀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ ∀愀氀洀漀猀琀Ⰰ∀ ⬀ഀഀ
<i>ultima</i>, "the last")</td></table>
㰀琀愀戀氀攀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀㸀㰀䤀䴀䜀 匀刀䌀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀洀愀琀栀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀最椀昀猀⼀戀愀氀氀⸀瀀甀爀瀀氀攀⸀最椀昀∀㸀ഀഀ
if the penult is "short", as a syllable (see further below), the
眀漀爀搀ⴀ愀挀挀攀渀琀 最漀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀礀氀氀愀戀氀攀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 椀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ∀愀渀琀攀瀀攀渀甀氀琀∀ ഀഀ
(literally, "before the second-to-last" syllable)</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀戀㸀猀攀爀瘀椀琀欀猁㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#ceb8ff width=18%>SER-wi-toohss</td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td><IMG SRC="http://www.math.luc.edu/gifs/ball.purple.gif">
椀昀 琀栀攀 瀀攀渀甀氀琀 椀猀 ∀氀漀渀最∀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀 猀礀氀氀愀戀氀攀 ⠀猀攀攀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 戀攀氀漀眀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ഀഀ
word-accent goes on the penult</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀㰀戀㸀猀攀渀Ā琁欀猁㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#ceb8ff width=15%>se-NAH-toohss</td></table>
㰀琀愀戀氀攀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㈀㜀─㸀㰀䤀䴀䜀 匀刀䌀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀洀愀琀栀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀最椀昀猀⼀戀愀氀氀⸀瀀甀爀瀀氀攀⸀最椀昀∀㸀ഀഀ
a syllable is "long" if:</td>
㰀琀搀㸀椀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀 氀漀渀最 瘀漀眀攀氀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88><b>senātūs</b></font></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td></td>
㰀琀搀㸀椀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀 搀椀瀀琀栀漀渀最㨀 搀椀瀀琀栀漀渀最猀Ⰰ 愀猀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 瘀漀眀攀氀猀Ⰰ 愀爀攀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀氀礀ഀഀ
sounded a longer time</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀漀爀愀渀最攀㸀愀甀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀爀ጀ猁㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td>it contains a short vowel but is "closed" by having two (or more) consonants
漀爀 琀栀攀 搀漀甀戀氀攀ⴀ挀漀渀猀漀渀愀渀琀 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀洀愀最攀渀琀愀㸀砀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀 ഀഀ
(=<b><font color=magenta>ks</font></b>) follow the vowel</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀昀搀昀昀㠀㠀㸀㰀戀㸀氀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀最爀攀攀渀㸀椀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀洀愀最攀渀琀愀㸀渀最甀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀愀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀㸀㰀䤀䴀䜀 匀刀䌀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀洀愀琀栀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀最椀昀猀⼀戀愀氀氀⸀瀀甀爀瀀氀攀⸀最椀昀∀㸀ഀഀ
a syllable is "short" if:</td>
㰀琀搀㸀椀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 愀 猀栀漀爀琀 瘀漀眀攀氀 愀渀搀 椀猀 ∀漀瀀攀渀∀ ⠀渀漀琀 ∀挀氀漀猀攀搀∀⤀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#fdff88><b>Gall<font color=cyan>ia</font></b></td>
㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀ഀഀ
<p>
㰀栀爀㸀ഀഀ
㰀戀㸀匀礀氀氀愀戀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀㨀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഀ
<table>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td><IMG SRC="http://www.math.luc.edu/gifs/ball.orange.gif">
愀 猀椀渀最氀攀 挀漀渀猀漀渀愀渀琀 椀猀 猀漀甀渀搀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瘀漀眀攀氀 琀栀愀琀 昀漀氀氀漀眀猀 椀琀Ⰰഀഀ
unless it's the last sound of the word and there's no other place for
椀琀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td bgcolor=#ceb8ff width=15%><b>se-NĀ-tūs</b></td>
㰀琀爀㸀ഀഀ
<td><IMG SRC="http://www.math.luc.edu/gifs/ball.orange.gif">
愀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 挀漀渀猀漀渀愀渀琀 猀瀀氀椀琀猀 琀漀 猀漀甀渀搀 漀渀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 瘀漀眀攀氀Ⰰ 漀渀攀ഀഀ
with the previous vowel ("closing" the preceding syllable)</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀攀戀㠀昀昀㸀㰀戀㸀䜀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀最爀攀攀渀㸀䄀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀洀愀最攀渀琀愀㸀䰀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ⴀ㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀洀愀最攀渀琀愀㸀氀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀椀ⴀ愀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀㸀㰀䤀䴀䜀 匀刀䌀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀洀愀琀栀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀最椀昀猀⼀戀愀氀氀⸀漀爀愀渀最攀⸀最椀昀∀㸀ഀഀ
the combination of "mute" (unvoiced consonant:
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀瀀甀爀瀀氀攀㸀挀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀瀀甀爀瀀氀攀㸀瀀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ ഀഀ
<b><font color=purple>t</font></b>) plus "liquid" (<b><font color=purple>l</font></b> or
㰀戀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀瀀甀爀瀀氀攀㸀爀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀⤀ 䴀䄀夀 㰀椀㸀漀爀㰀⼀椀㸀 䴀䄀夀 一伀吀 戀攀栀愀瘀攀 氀椀欀攀 愀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 ഀഀ
consonant according to the rule above</td>
㰀琀搀 戀最挀漀氀漀爀㴀⌀挀攀戀㠀昀昀㸀㰀戀㸀倀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀最爀攀攀渀㸀䄀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀洀愀最攀渀琀愀㸀吀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ⴀ㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀洀愀最攀渀琀愀㸀爀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀椀ⴀ愀洀 ഀഀ
<i>or</i> <br>P<font color=cyan>A</font>-<font color=purple>tr</font>i-am</b></td>
㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀ഀഀ
ഀഀ
<p>
㰀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀ഀഀ
<a href="L131syll.htm">BACK</a> to LATN 131 homepage
㰀⼀挀攀渀琀攀爀㸀ഀഀ
<p>
ഀഀ
<!-- navbar -->
㰀栀爀 渀漀猀栀愀搀攀㸀ഀഀ
<center>
㰀琀愀戀氀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㸀ഀഀ
<tr>
㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㐀─㸀ഀഀ
<a href="http://www.luc.edu">Loyola Homepage</a></td>
㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㐀─㸀ഀഀ
<a href="http://www.luc.edu/depts/classics/">Classical Studies
䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td align=center width=14%>
㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀挀最椀ⴀ戀椀渀⼀猀攀愀爀挀栀∀㸀匀攀愀爀挀栀 䰀漀礀漀氀愀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td align=center width=14%>
㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀搀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀椀攀猀⼀∀㸀䘀椀渀搀 䰀漀礀漀氀愀渀猀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀琀搀㸀ഀഀ
<td align=center width=14%>
㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀眀攀戀猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀⼀眀栀愀琀猀渀攀眀⸀栀琀洀氀∀㸀一攀眀 漀渀 䰀漀礀漀氀愀✀猀 ഀഀ
Web</a></td>
㰀琀搀 愀氀椀最渀㴀挀攀渀琀攀爀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀㐀─㸀ഀഀ
<a href="http://www.luc.edu/siteindex/">Loyola Site Index</a></td>
㰀⼀琀愀戀氀攀㸀ഀഀ
</center>
㰀栀爀 渀漀猀栀愀搀攀㸀ഀഀ
㰀℀ⴀⴀ 昀漀漀琀攀爀 ⴀⴀ㸀ഀഀ
<a href="/"><img src="http://www.luc.edu/images/sm-logo.gif"
戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 愀氀琀㴀∀䰀漀礀漀氀愀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀∀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀ഀഀ
<p><font size=-1><i>
刀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 㘀 䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㈀ 㐀 戀礀 ഀഀ
<a href="mailto:jlong1@orion.it.luc.edu">jlong1@orion.it.luc.edu</a>
㰀戀爀㸀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀氀甀挀⸀攀搀甀⼀搀攀瀀琀猀⼀挀氀愀猀猀椀挀猀⼀ 㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ
</body>
㰀⼀栀琀洀氀㸀ഀഀ